ABSTRACT
The present study aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of standard extract of Bombax ceiba L. leaves (BCE) in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Oral administration of BCE at doses of 70, 140, and 280 mg·kg, to the normal rats and the high-fat-diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2DM rats were carried out. Effects of BCE on blood glucose, body weight, and a range of serum biochemical parameters were tested, and histopathological observation of pancreatic tissues was also performed. HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS/MS analysis indicated that the chemical composition of BCE mainly contained mangiferin, isoorientin, vitexin, isomangiferin, isovitexin, quercetin hexoside, 2'-trans-O-cumaroyl mangiferin, and nigricanside. BCE caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum insulin, and malondialdehyde, and increases in oral glucose tolerance, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and superoxide dismutase in the T2DM model rats. Moreover, considerable pancreatic β-cells protection effect and stimulation of insulin secretion from the remaining pancreatic β-cells could be observed after BCE treatment. The results indicated that BCE exhibited an excellent hypoglycemic activity, and alleviated dyslipidemia which is associated with T2DM. Antioxidant activity and protecting pancreatic β-cells are the possible mechanisms involved in anti-diabetic activity of BCE.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Antioxidants , Chemistry , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Bombax , Chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents , Chemistry , Hypolipidemic Agents , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
The present study was designed to explore the mechanism by which ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves (BCE) and its main constituent mangiferin (MGF) affect diabetic nephropathy by combating oxidative stress. Oral administration of BCE and MGF to normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were carried out. Fasting blood glucose, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were tested, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues were performed. Moreover, mesangial cells were treated with BCE and MGF for 48 h with or without 25 mmol·L of glucose. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and apoptosis analyses were used to investigate their regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BCE and MGF ameliorated biochemical parameters and restored STZ-induced renal injury in the model mice. In vitro study showed that high glucose stimulation increased oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in mesangial cells. BCE and MGF limited mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) collapse by inhibiting Nox4, mitochondrially bound hexokinase II dissociation, and subsequent ROS production, which effectively reduced oxidative stress, cleaved caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis. Our work indicated that BCE and MGF had protective effects on diabetic caused kidney injury and prevented oxidative stress in mesangial cells by regulation of hexokinase II binding and Nox4 oxidase signaling.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Bombax , Chemistry , Caspase 3 , Genetics , Metabolism , Diabetic Nephropathies , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , XanthonesABSTRACT
RESUMOA espécie Bombax malabaricum, popularmente conhecida por paineira-vermelha, apresenta metabólitos secundários de interesse medicinal. Como outras espécies da família Malvaceae, suas sementes possuem dormência tegumentar, o que dificulta sua propagação sexuada. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou superar a dormência de sementes de B.malabaricum por métodos físicos e químicos. Os métodos utilizados na escarificação mecânica foram: abrasão do tegumento com lixa e corte com tesoura na região oposta ao hilo. Para a escarificação química foram utilizados: ácido clorídrico (HCl), ácido nítrico (HNO3), ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) e hidróxido de potássio (KOH) por um período de 30 minutos. Também houve imersão de sementes em 40 mg L-1 de GA3 pelo mesmo período. Foram utilizadas quatro repetições por tratamento, constituídas de 25 sementes por placa e conduzidas em Câmara de Germinação. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para o cálculo da Germinabilidade, Índice de Velocidade de Germinação, Tempo Médio de Germinação, e Porcentagem de Sementes Deterioradas. O HNO3 mostrou-se como o melhor tratamento na variável Germinabilidade (83,5%), seguido do HCl (71,5%) e das técnicas de escarificação mecânica, com lixa (71,5%) e tesoura (67,5%). O HNO3também apresentou o menor número de sementes deterioradas (3,5%); o H2SO4 foi o tratamento que mais causou danos às sementes (36,5%).
ABSTRACTThe species Bombax malabaricum, popularly known as red-cotton tree, presents secondary metabolites of medicinal interest. Like other species of the Malvaceae, their seeds have tegumentary dormancy, which hinders their sexual propagation. Thus, this study aimed to break the dormancy of B. malabaricum through physical and chemical strategies. For mechanical scarification of the seeds it were employed: abrasion of the tegument with sandpaper and cut with scissors in the region opposite to the hilum. For chemical scarification: hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for a period of 30 minutes. The seeds were also subjected to immersion in 40 mg L-1 of GA3 for the same period. Four replicates of 25 seeds were used for each treatment and then they were conducted for calculation in a B.O.D. germination Chamber. The results obtained were applied in order to calculate: Germination, Germination Speed Index, Average Time of Germination and Percentage of Damaged Seeds. The HNO3proved to be the best treatment in the Germination trials (83.5%), followed by the HCl (71.5%) and the mechanical scarification techniques with sandpaper (71.5%) and scissors (67.5%). The HNO3 also showed the lowest percentage of damaged seeds (3.5%); The H2SO4 was the treatment that caused more damage to the seeds (36.5%).
Subject(s)
Bombax/metabolism , Plant Dormancy/physiology , Nitric Acid , GerminationABSTRACT
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de óleo de copaíba na redução da incidência de fungos em sementes de Pseudobombax marginatum e a interferência deste na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos constituídos por óleo de copaíba em diferentes concentrações (0%; 0,5%; 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0%) além do tratamento com fungicida Captana. As sementes foram imersas nos tratamentos por um período de 5 minutos. O teste de sanidade das sementes foi realizado pelo método Blotter test, sendo avaliada a incidência de patógenos sete dias após a incubação. A observação das estruturas fúngicas foi realizada mediante observação em microscópio ótico e estereoscópico. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi realizada através da semeadura em caixas tipo Gerbox, contendo substrato vermiculita. As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação (G), primeira contagem da germinação, massa seca de plântulas (MSP), massa seca de raiz, e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O óleo de copaíba na concentração de 1% foi eficiente no controle de Aspergillus sp. e nas concentrações 1 e 1,5% para Chaetomium sp e Curvularia sp., em sementes de P. marginatum. Os tratamentos com óleo de copaíba nas concentrações 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% não interferiram negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of copaiba oil in reducing the fungi incidence on seeds of Pseudobombax marginatum and interference on physiological quality. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments consisting of copaiba oil at different levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) behind seeds treated with fungicide Captana. The seeds were immersed in treatments for 5 minutes. The seeds sanity was performed by Blotter test being evaluated pathogens incidence seven days after incubation. Observation of fungal structures was performed by observation in stereoscopic and optical microscopes. The evaluation of physiological seeds quality was performed by sowing boxes type Gerbox® containing vermiculite. The variables analyzed were germination (G), first count, seedling dry weight (MSP), root dry weight and, germination speed index (GSI). Copaiba oil at a concentration of 1% was effective against Aspergillus sp. and at concentrations of 1 and 1.5% against Chaetomium sp. and Curvularia sp., seeds of P. marginatum. Os treatment with copaiba oil at levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% did not affect negatively in the physiological quality of seeds.
Subject(s)
Seeds/physiology , Oils, Volatile , Bombax , FabaceaeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the larvicidal activity of two plant leaf powder and leaf-extracts, Dregea volubilis and Bombax malabaricum against Culex quinquefasciatus.@*METHODS@#The larvicidal bioassay was done for powdered leaves of Dregea volubilis and Bombax malabaricum individually and their methanol extracts against first-, second-, third- and fourth-instar larval forms of Culex quinquefasciatus. Mortality rate was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of post-exposure. LC(50) and LC(90) values were calculated at different time intervals for third instar larvae.@*RESULTS@#All the graded concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) of powdered leaves showed significant (P <0.05) larval mortality. The mortality rate was higher in 50 ppm doses of methanolic extracts of both the plants against Culex quinquefaciatus. The corresponding LC(50) values were 56.97 ppm and 48.85 ppm, respectively after 24 h of exposure. There is no mortality of non-target organism such as Chironomous circumdatus, Oreochromis niloticus niloticus and Diplonichus annulatum within 72 h of post exposure to 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% crude powdered leaves and methanolic extracts of both the two individual plants under the laboratory condition. The results of preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of both the plants revealed the presence of many bioactive principles such as steroids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, etc. that may be responsible for their bio-control potentiality.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results have shown potential and eco-friendly use of both plant extracts against larva of Culex quinquefasciatus for the first time.
Subject(s)
Animals , Apocynaceae , Chemistry , Bombax , Chemistry , Culex , Insect Vectors , Insecticides , Pharmacology , Larva , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Plant LeavesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the anti-bacterial activity of leaf extracts of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) and Piper betel L. (Piperaceae), and seed extracts of Bombax ceiba L. (Borabacaceae).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We have partially purified plant extracts by solvent extraction method, and evaluated the effect of individual fractions on bacterial growth using Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterial strains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with Morus and Bombax fractions, Piper fractions showed significant growth inhibition on all the three types of bacteria studied. The EtOAc-hexane fractions of Piper leaves exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 50 µg/mL culture against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The EtOAc-fractions I, II, and IV inhibited bacterial colony formation on soft agar in addition to growth inhibition. A combination treatment of piper fractions with ampicillin resulted in significant growth inhibition in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and combination with anticancer drug geldanamycin (2µg/mL) showed selective growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Three major compounds, i.e., eugenol, 3-hexene-ol and stigmasterol, were primarily identified from Piper betel leaf extractions. Among the individual compounds, eugenol treatment showed improved growth inhibition compared with stigmasterol and 3-hexene-ol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>We are reporting potential anti-bacterial compounds from Piper betel against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria either alone or in combination with drug treatment.</p>